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The Tsardom of Russia (〔Хорошкевич, А. Л. Символы русской государственности. -М. :Изд-во МГУ,1993. -96 с. :ил., фот. ISBN 5-211-02521-0〕〔Костомаров Н. И. Русская история в жизнеописаниях ее главнейших деятелей. Olma Media Group, 2004 ()〕 or, in Hellenized form, 〔Зимин А. А., Хорошкевич А. Л. Россия времени Ивана Грозного. Москва, Наука, 1982〕〔Перевезенцев, С. В. Смысл русской истории, Вече, 2004〕), also known as the Tsardom of Muscovy, was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 until Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721. From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km2 (about the size of the Netherlands) a year.〔Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 83〕 The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, drawn-out military conflict with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as well as the Russian conquest of Siberia, leading up to the 42-year reign of Peter the Great, who ascended in 1682 and transformed the Tsardom into a major European power. After a military victory over Sweden and Poland, he implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire ((ロシア語:Российская Империя)) in 1721, making it a recognized power in Europe. ==Name== While Ivan assumed the title of “Tsar and Grand Duke of all Rus'” (Царь и Великий князь всея Руси), officially renaming the Grand Duchy of Moscow to Tsardom of Russia, the state remained partly referred to as Muscovy (''Moscovia'') throughout Europe, predominantly in its Catholic part. The two names "Russia" and "Muscovy" appear to have co-existed as interchangeable during the later 16th and throughout the 17th century with different maps and sources using different names. According to prominent historians like Alexander Zimin or Anna Khoroshkevich, the continuous using of the term Muscovy was a result of the traditional habit and the need to distinguish between the Muscovite and the Lithuanian part of the Rus, as well as of the political interests of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which competed with Moscow for the western parts of the Rus'. Due to the propaganda of the Commonwealth〔Кудрявцев, Олег Фёдорович. ''Россия в первой половине XVI в: взгляд из Европы.'' Русский мир, 1997. ()〕〔Тихвинский, С. Л., Мясников, В. С. ''Восток—Россия—Запад: исторические и культурологические исследования''. Памятники исторической мысли, 2001 — С. 69〕 as well as of the Jesuits the term Muscovy was used instead of Russia in many parts of Europe where prior to the reign of Peter the Great there was a lack of direct knowledge of the country. Other influential historians like Sigurd Schmidt, however, consider that the name “Tsardom of Muscovy”, or “Muscovite Tsardom” (),〔(Vernadsky V. ''Muscovite Tsardom''. in 2 v. Moscow: Agraph, 2001 ) (Russian)〕〔("В некотором царстве, в некотором государстве..." Sigurd Schmidt, Doctor of history sciences, academician of RAN, Journal "Rodina", Nr. 12/2004 )〕 corresponds also to the Russian historical usage. File:Russia_Mercator_1595.jpg|''Russia'', Mercator, 1595 File:Herberstein-Moscovia.jpg|''Moscovia'', Herberstein, 1549 File:Blaeu 1645 - Russi%C3%A6 vulgo Moscovia pars australis.jpg|''Russia vulgo Moscovia'', Atlas Maior, 1645 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tsardom of Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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